Deductive and Inductive Reasoning – Syllogism, Analogical, Statistical & Casual Reasoning

In this article we will discuss about various types of deductive and Inductive reasoning such as Syllogism, Analogical, Statistical & Casual Reasoning.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Deductive reasoning is a simple form of arriving at a conclusion by joining two or more pieces of information. It is a process of logical reasoning which processes two or more premises to arrive at a logical conclusion. Deductive reasoning does not depend on approximation or the concept of guessing. Deductive reasoning takes in a lot of premises or observations and confirms one premise with another premise to arrive at a conclusion. Deductive reasoning is often used to test the hypothesis and theorems.

Deductive reasoning is more dependable than inductive reasoning, which is based on assumption, whereas deductive reasoning is based on logical conclusions. Inductive reasoning cannot be fully relied upon, but deductive reasoning can be fully relied on as the conclusion is based on pure logic.

In deductive reasoning, the probability of getting the final statement as true is very high since it is based on rules and logic. If A = B, and B = C, then we can deduce it as A = C. Mathematical induction even though it has induction mentioned in it, is not inductive reasoning but is a form of deductive reasoning. The simplest form of deductive reasoning is syllogism, which has the first premise, and it is confirmed with the second premise to arrive at a conclusion.

Deductive reasoning helps confirm the validity of an argument. The conclusion of the deductive reasoning can be relied on, only if the premise is valid. Every student coming by bus scores A grade in his studies. Rahul goes by bus to school. Hence Rahul scores a A grade. This conclusion in this case is false because the premise is false.

How To Solve Deductive Reasoning?

Deductive reasoning can be solved across the following sequence of logical steps.

• A set of premises satisfying a particular logic are collected.
• The validity of the first premise is confirmed with another premise.
• The two premises are logically connected, and summarized to arrive at a conclusion statement.

TYPES OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING

The different types of deductive reasoning are based on the premises and the kind of relationship across the premises. The three different types of deductive reasoning are syllogism, modus ponens, and modus tollens. Let us check in detail about each of the deductive reasoning methods.

SYLLOGISM

A syllogism is a common form of deductive reasoning which includes a set of premises followed by a concluding statement. The first premise is a conditional statement, and the second premise is another conditional statement which connects with the conclusion of the first premise. And the summary statement concludes by combining the first part of the first premise with the second part of the second premise.

• The numbers which are divisible by 2 are multiples of the number 2.
• The multiples of the number 2 are all even numbers.
• The numbers which are divisible by 2 are all even numbers.

Examples:

Q 1 – Statements:

I. Some pigs are bachelors.

II. All bachelors are blessed.

Conclusions:

I. Some pigs are blessed.

II. At least some blessed are bachelors.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: E

Explanation

Some pigs are bachelors (I) + all bachelors are blessed (A) = I + A = I = some pigs are blessed. Hence conclusion I follows. Again all bachelors are blessed – conversion – some blessed are bachelors. Hence conclusion II also follows.

Q 2 – Statements:

I. Some pictures are beds.

II. All beds are trees.

Conclusions:

I. Some pictures are trees.

II. At least some trees are beds.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: E

Explanation

Some pictures are beds (I) + all beds are trees (A) = I + A = I = some pictures are trees. Hence conclusion I follows. Again, all beds are trees – conversion – some trees are beds. Hence conclusion II also follows.

Q 3 – Statements:

I. Some ninjas are dogs.

II. No dogs is a liar.

Conclusions:

I. No ninja is a liar.

II. At least some ninjas are liars.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: C

Explanation

Some ninjas are dogs (I) + no dog is a liar (E) = I + E = O = some ninjas are not liars. But conclusion I and II make a complementary pair (I – E). Hence either I or II follows. So option C is correct.

Q 4 – Statements:

I. Some necklaces are diagrams.

II. No diagram is a lollipop.

Conclusions:

I. No necklace is a lollipop.

II. At least some necklaces are letters.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: C

Explanation

Some necklaces are diagrams (I) + no diagram is a lollipop (E) = I + E = O = some necklace are not lollipop. But conclusion I and II make a complementary pair (I – E). Hence either I or II follows. So option C.

Q 5 – Statements:

I. Some mangos are brinjals.

II. Some carrots are brinjals.

Conclusions:

I. All mangos are carrots.

II. At least some brinjals are not carrots.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: D

Explanation

Some mangos are brinjals (I) + (some carrots are brinjals (I) – conversion -) some brinjals are carrots (I) = I + I = no conclusion. Hence conclusion I and II do not follow.

Q 6 – Statements:

I. Some rifles are bombs.

II. Some cigars are bombs.

Conclusions:

I. All rifles are cigars.

II. At least some bombs are not cigars.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: D

Explanation

Some rifles are bombs (I) + (some cigars are bombs (I) – conversion -) some bombs are cigars (I) = I + I = no conclusion. Hence conclusion I and II do not follow.

Q 7 – Statements:

I. No cake is a ginger.

II. Some gingers are garlic.

Conclusions:

I. No cake is a garlic.

II. Some garlics are not cakes.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: B

Explanation

No cake is a ginger (E) + some gingers are garlics (I) = E + I = O ∗ = some garlics are not cakes. Hence conclusion II only follows, but I does not follow.

Q 8 – Statements:

I. No cash is a flash.

II. Some flashes are bears.

Conclusions:

I. No cash is a bear.

II. Some bears are not cash.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I nor II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: B

Explanation

No cash is a flash (E) + some flashes are bears (I) = E + I = O ∗ = some bears are not cash. Hence conclusion II only follows, but conclusion I does not follow.

Q 9 – Statements:

I. No pizza is a burger.

II. No chautney is a burger.

Conclusions:

I. Some pizzas are not chautneys.

II. Some burgers are chautneys.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I or II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: D

Explanation

No pizza is a burger (E) + (no chautney is burger-conversion -) no burger is a chautney (E) = E + E = no conclusion. Hence conclusion I does not follow. Again, no chautney is a burger – conversion – no burger is a chautney. Hence conclusion II also does not follow.

Q 10 – Statements:

I. All fingers are levers.

II. Some levers are fringe.

Conclusions:

I. Some fringe are levers.

II. No fingers is a fringe.

A – If only conclusion I follows.

B – If only conclusion II follows.

C – If either conclusion I or II follows.

D – If neither conclusion I or II follows.

E – If both conclusion I and II follows.

Answer: A

Explanation

All fingers are levers (A) + some levers are fringe (I) = A + I = no conclusion. Hence conclusion II does not follow. Again, some levers are fringe (I) – conversion – some fringe are levers (I). Hence conclusion I follows.

Modus Ponens

This type of deductive reasoning can also be referred to as affirming the antecedent because the first statement is generally a conditional statement. And the second statement merely affirming the first part of the previous statement. Let us look at the below example to clearly understand this concept of modus ponens.

• If a number lies between 99 and 999 then it is a three-digit number.
• The number N is a number lying between 299 and 399.
• Therefore, the number N is a three-digit number.

Modus Tollens

Another important form of deductive reasoning is modus tollens, and it is also referred to as the law of contrapositive. This is also referred as the law of contrapositive, since it is opposite to that of modus ponens. Here the second statement contradicts the first part of the conditional statement.

• The numbers 4 and 5 are the factors of 20
• The number X is not a factor of 20
• Therefore, X is neither 4 nor 5

Difference Between Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning

The following between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning is shows below in the following table.

Deductive Reasoning	Inductive Reasoning
This is based on logic	This is based on assumption.
Numerous premises are logically connected to arrive at a conclusion.	A premise of the sample is taken to arrive at a conclusion about the population.
Deductive reasoning is referred to as top-down logic.	Inductive reasoning is a bottom-up approach.
Helps in checking a hypothesis, theorem, and confirming with facts.	Takes observations and arrives at a hypothesis or theorem.

EXAMPLES

Deductive reasoning is a type of mathematical reasoning that involves using logical deduction and established principles to arrive at a conclusion. Here are some examples of deductive reasoning:

1. All mammals have fur. A dog is a mammal. Therefore, a dog has fur. In this example, the conclusion is drawn from two established principles, namely that all mammals have fur and that a dog is a mammal.
2. All triangles have three sides. This figure has three sides. Therefore, this figure is a triangle. In this example, the conclusion is drawn from the established principle that all triangles have three sides and the observation that the figure in question has three sides.
3. All prime numbers are odd, except for the number 2. The number 3 is a prime number. Therefore, 3 is an odd number. In this example, the conclusion is drawn from the established principle that all prime numbers are odd, except for the number 2, and the observation that 3 is a prime number.
4. If a shape is a square, then it has four sides of equal length. This figure has four sides of equal length. Therefore, this figure is a square. In this example, the conclusion is drawn from the established principle that a square has four sides of equal length and the observation that the figure in question also has four sides of equal length.

Deductive reasoning is a powerful tool in mathematics and can be used to draw conclusions and solve problems by applying logical deduction to established principles and observations.

Example 1:

All dogs have fur. Fido is a dog. Therefore, Fido has fur.

Solution: In this example, we start with the established principle that all dogs have fur. We then observe that Fido is a dog. Using deductive reasoning, we can conclude that Fido has fur.

Example 2:

All prime numbers are odd, except for the number 2. 5 is a prime number. Therefore, 5 is an odd number.

Solution: In this example, we start with the established principle that all prime numbers are odd, except for the number 2. We then observe that 5 is a prime number. Using deductive reasoning, we can conclude that 5 is an odd number.

Example 3:

If a polygon has four sides, then it is a quadrilateral. This shape is a quadrilateral. Therefore, this shape has four sides.

Solution: In this example, we start with the established principle that if a polygon has four sides, then it is a quadrilateral. We then observe that the shape in question is a quadrilateral. Using deductive reasoning, we can conclude that this shape has four sides.

Example 4:

If two lines are parallel, then they never intersect. Line AB and Line CD are parallel. Therefore, Line AB and Line CD never intersect.

Solution: In this example, we start with the established principle that if two lines are parallel, then they never intersect. We then observe that Line AB and Line CD are parallel. Using deductive reasoning, we can conclude that Line AB and Line CD never intersect.

Example 5: Using the concept of deductive reasoning find the solution of the syllogism having the following statements.

• Every number divisible by 20 is also divisible by 10.
  • Every number divisible by 10 is an even number.

Solution:

The two given statements are as follows. The first statement states that a number divisible by 20 is also divisible by 10. The second statement states that a number divisible by 10 is an even number. Taking these two statements we can conclude that every number divisible by 20 is also an even number.

Therefore, the concluding statement is: Every number divisible by 20 is an even number.

Example 6: Find the solution for the following statements through deductive reasoning.

• The people born between 1950 and 1980 like old movies.
  • Johnson was born in the year 2005.

Solution:

The following conclusions can be made about the given statements. The first statement states that people born between 1950 and 1980 like old movies. And the second statement says that Johnson was born in the year 2005. The year 2005 does not lie between the years 1950 and 1980, and hence Johnson does not like old movies.

Therefore, we can conclude that: Since Johnson was not born between 1950 and 1980, Johnson does not like old movies.

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Inductive reasoning is a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general. It’s usually contrasted with deductive reasoning, where you go from general information to specific conclusions.

Inductive reasoning is also called inductive logic or bottom-up reasoning.

Inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning in which general conclusions are drawn based on specific observations or instances. It involves the use of evidence to form a conclusion that is likely, but not certain, to be true.

There are several types of inductive reasoning, including:

1. Generalization: This type of inductive reasoning involves drawing a general conclusion about a group based on observations of a few members of that group. For example, if you observe that a few apples are red, you may generalize that all apples are red.
2. Analogical Reasoning: This type of inductive reasoning involves drawing a conclusion about something based on its similarity to something else. For example, if you know that birds can fly, you may infer that bats can also fly because they have wings.
3. Statistical Reasoning: This type of inductive reasoning involves drawing a conclusion based on statistical data or probabilities. For example, if you know that 80% of people in a certain population have brown eyes, you may infer that a randomly selected person from that population is likely to have brown eyes.
4. Causal Reasoning: This type of inductive reasoning involves drawing a conclusion about a cause-and-effect relationship based on observations. For example, if you observe that people who smoke are more likely to develop lung cancer, you may infer that smoking causes lung cancer.

Examples: Inductive reasoning

Stage	Example 1	Example 2
Specific observation	Nala is an orange cat and she purrs loudly.	Baby Jack said his first word at the age of 12 months.
Pattern recognition	Every orange cat I’ve met purrs loudly.	All observed babies say their first word at the age of 12 months.
General conclusion	All orange cats purr loudly.	All babies say their first word at the age of 12 months.

Types of inductive reasoning

There are many different types of inductive reasoning that people use formally or informally, so we’ll cover just a few in this article:

• Inductive generalization
• Statistical generalization
• Causal reasoning
• Sign reasoning
• Analogical reasoning

Inductive reasoning generalizations can vary from weak to strong, depending on the number and quality of observations and arguments used.

1. Inductive generalization

Inductive generalizations use observations about a sample to come to a conclusion about the population it came from.

Inductive generalizations are also called induction by enumeration.

Example: Inductive generalization

1. The flamingos here are all pink.
2. All flamingos I’ve ever seen are pink.
3. All flamingos must be pink.

Inductive generalizations are evaluated using several criteria:

• Large sample: Your sample should be large for a solid set of observations.
• Random sampling: Probability sampling methods let you generalize your findings.
• Variety: Your observations should be externally valid.
• Counterevidence: Any observations that refute yours falsify your generalization.

2. Statistical generalization

Statistical generalizations use specific numbers to make statements about populations, while non-statistical generalizations aren’t as specific. These generalizations are a subtype of inductive generalizations, and they’re also called statistical syllogisms.

Here’s an example of a statistical generalization contrasted with a non-statistical generalization.

Example: Statistical vs. non-statistical generalization
	Statistical	Non-statistical
Specific observation	73% of students from a sample in a local university prefer hybrid learning environments.	Most students from a sample in a local university prefer hybrid learning environments.
Inductive generalization	73% of all students in the university prefer hybrid learning environments.	Most students in the university prefer hybrid learning environments.

3. Causal reasoning

Causal reasoning means making cause-and-effect links between different things.

A causal reasoning statement often follows a standard setup:

1. You start with a premise about a correlation (two events that co-occur).
2. You put forward the specific direction of causality or refute any other direction.
3. You conclude with a causal statement about the relationship between two things.

Example: Causal reasoning

1. All of my white clothes turn pink when I put a red cloth in the washing machine with them.
2. My white clothes don’t turn pink when I wash them on their own.
3. Putting colorful clothes with light colors causes the colors to run and stain the light-colored clothes.

Good causal inferences meet a couple of criteria:

• Direction: The direction of causality should be clear and unambiguous based on your observations.
• Strength: There’s ideally a strong relationship between the cause and the effect.

4. Sign reasoning

Sign reasoning involves making correlational connections between different things.

Using inductive reasoning, you infer a purely correlational relationship where nothing causes the other thing to occur. Instead, one event may act as a “sign” that another event will occur or is currently occurring.

Example: Sign reasoning

1. Every time Punxsutawney Phil casts a shadow on Groundhog Day, winter lasts six more weeks.
2. Punxsutawney Phil doesn’t cause winter to be extended six more weeks.
3. His shadow is a sign that we’ll have six more weeks of wintery weather.

It’s best to be careful when making correlational links between variables. Build your argument on strong evidence, and eliminate any confounding variables, or you may be on shaky ground.

5. Analogical reasoning

Analogical reasoning means drawing conclusions about something based on its similarities to another thing. You first link two things together and then conclude that some attribute of one thing must also hold true for the other thing.

Analogical reasoning can be literal (closely similar) or figurative (abstract), but you’ll have a much stronger case when you use a literal comparison.

Analogical reasoning is also called comparison reasoning.

Example: Analogical reasoning

1. Humans and laboratory rats are extremely similar biologically, sharing over 90% of their DNA.
2. Lab rats show promising results when treated with a new drug for managing Parkinson’s disease.
3. Therefore, humans will also show promising results when treated with the drug.

Examples:

1. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?

1. BUSH
2. GRASS
3. FOREST
4. BEAK

Answer: Option (d)

Explanation: Cup is used to drink something with the help of lips. Similarly birds collects grass with the help of beak to make her nest.

2. Flow : River :: Stagnant : ?

1. Rain
2. Stream
3. Pool
4. Canal

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As Water of a River flows similarly water of Pool is Stagnant.

3. Paw : Cat :: Hoof : ?

1. Lamb
2. Elephant
3. Lion
4. Horse

Answer: Option (D)

Explanation:

As cat has Paw similarly Horse has Hoof.

4. Ornithologist : Bird :: Archaeologist : ?

1. Islands
2. Mediators
3. Archaeology
4. Aquatic

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation:

As Ornithologist is a specialist of Birds similarly Archaeologist is a specialist of Archaeology.

5. Peacock : India :: Bear : ?

Australia

America

Russia

England

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation:

As Peacock is the national bird of India, similarly Bear is the national animal of Russia.

6. 14 : 9 :: 26 : ?

1. 12
2. 13
3. 31
4. 15

Answer: Option

Explanation:

14 = (2 x 9 – 4)

26 = (2 x 15 – 4)

? = 15

7. MO : 13 11 :: HJ : ?

1. 19 17
2. 18 16
3. 8 10
4. 16 18

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation:

M Position at 26-13 = 13, O position at 15, then 26-15=11, Same as H position at 8, 26-8=18, J position at 10, then 26-10=16, then answer is 18 16

8. 123 : 13² :: 235 : ?

1. 23²
2. 35²
3. 25³
4. 25²

Answer: Option

Explanation:

As, 123 → 13²

As, 235 → 25³

The middle digit of first term becomes power to the next term.

9. 8 : 28 :: 27 : ?

1. s28
2. 8
3. 64
4. 65

Answer: Option

Explanation:

First number = 8 and the sum of the digits of the second number is 2 + 8 = 10.

Thus the difference of the first number and the sum of the digits of second number is 10 – 8 = 2.

Similarly, the sum of the digits of third number is 2 + 7 = 9.

Hence the sum of digits of fourth number should be 2 more than 9 i.e. 11

Hence, fourth number is 65.

10. 3 : 12 :: 5 : ?

1. 25
2. 35
3. 30
4. 15

Answer: Option: C

Explanation:

11. MXN : 13 x 14 :: FXR : ?

1. 14 x 15
2. 5 x 17
3. 6 x 18
4. 7 x 19

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As position of M and N in Eq. alphabets are 13 and 14 respectively.

12. 16 : 56 :: 32 : ?

1. 96
2. 112
3. 120
4. 128

Answer: Option (B)

Explanation: As, 16:56 = (2/7), Similarly, 32:112:(2/7)

13. 4 : 19 :: 7 : ?

1. 52
2. 49
3. 28
4. 68

Answer: Option (A)

Explanation: As, (4)² + 3 = 19, Similarly, (7)² + 3 = 52

14. 24 : 60 :: 120 : ?

1. 160
2. 220
3. 300
4. 108

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As 24:60 = (2/5), Similarly, (120/300) = (2/5)

15. 335 : 216 :: 987 : ?

1. 868
2. 867
3. 872
4. 888

Answer: Option (A)

Explanation: As 335 – 216 = 119, Similarly, 987 – X = 119

Therefore, X = 987 – 119 = 868.

16. Glove : Hand

1. Neck : Collar
2. Tie : Shirt
3. Socks : Feet
4. Coat : Pocket

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As Glove is worn in Hands similarly Socks are worn on feet.

17. Lawyer : Court

1. Chemist : Laboratory
2. Businessman : Office
3. Labour : Factory
4. Athlete : Olympics

Answer: Option (A)

Explanation: As the working field of lawyer is Court, similarly the working field of chemist is laboratory.

18. Letter : Word

1. Page : Book
2. Product : Factory
3. Club : People
4. Home work : School

Answer: Option (A)

Explanation: As Word is a group of letters similarly Book is a group of papers.

19. Lively : Dull

1. Employed : Jobless
2. Flower : Bud
3. Factory : Labour
4. Happy : Gay

Answer: Option (A)

Explanation: First word is opposite to the second word.

20. Silence : Noise

1. Quiet : Peace
2. Baldness : Hair
3. Talk : Whisper
4. Sing : Dance

Answer: Option (B)

Explanation: As Silence is opposite to noise, similarly Baldness is opposite to Hair.

21. Apple, Grape, Orange

1. Vegetable
2. Fruits
3. Stems
4. Oats

Answer: Option (B)

Explanation: Apple, Grape and Orange all these are fruits.

22. Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, Jaipur

1. Shimla
2. Mysore
3. Pune
4. Indore

Answer: Option (A)

Explanation: All are capitals, same as Shimla is also capital

23. Lock, Shut, Fasten

1. Window
2. Door
3. Iron
4. Block

Answer: Option (D)

Explanation: The synonym of Lock, Shut and Fasten is Block.

24. Wheat, Barley, Rice

1. Food
2. Agriculture
3. Farm
4. Gram

Answer: Option (D)

Explanation: All the terms given in the question are cereals and gram is also one of the cereals.

25. Pathology, Cardiology, Radiology, Ophthalmology

1. Biology
2. Hematology
3. Zoology
4. Geology

Answer: Option (B)

Explanation: As all terms given in the question are medical terms and Hematology is also medical term.

26. ‘Indolence’ is related to ‘Work’ in the same way as ‘Taciturn’ is related to:

1. Cheat
2. Act
3. Speak
4. Observe

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As ‘Indolence’ and ‘Work’ are opposite to each other in the same way ‘Taciturn’ and ‘speak’ are opposite to each other.

27. ‘Ophthalmia’ is related to ‘Eye’ in the same way as ‘Rickets’ is related to:

1. Kidney
2. Nose
3. Bone
4. Heart

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As ‘Ophthalmia’ is a disease of ‘Eye’ in the same way ‘Rickets’ is the disease of ‘Bone’.

28. ‘Nun’ is related to ‘Convent’ in the same way as ‘Hen’ is related to:

1. Nest
2. Shed
3. Cell
4. Cote

Answer: Option (D)

Explanation: As dwelling place of ‘Nun’ is ‘Convent’ similarly the dwelling place of ‘Hen’ is ‘Cote’.

29. ‘Reading’ is related to ‘knowledge’ in the same way as ‘Work’ is related to:

1. Money
2. Employment
3. Experience
4. Engagement

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As ‘Knowledge’ is achieved by ‘Reading’ in the same way ‘Experience’ is achieved by ‘Work’.

30. ‘Dress’ is related to ‘Body’ in the same way as ‘Bangles’ is related to:

1. Glass
2. Lady
3. Wrist
4. Beauty

Answer: Option (C)

Explanation: As ‘Dress’ is worn on ‘Body’ similarly ‘Bangles’ are worn on ‘Wrist’.

So in this article we have dicussed about various types of deductive and Inductive reasoning such as Syllogism, Analogical, Statistical & Casual Reasoning.