Arithmetic mean, also known as the average, is a widely used measure of central tendency that reflects the typical value of a data set. It is calculated by adding up all the values in the dataset and then dividing the sum by the total number of values. The calculation of arithmetic mean can differ depending on the type of data set, i.e., individual, discrete, or continuous series. In this article, we will discuss the calculation of arithmetic mean for each of these types of data sets. Calculation of Arithmetic Mean Direct Short Cut Actual Assume Mean Method.
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series
- Arithmetic Mean in Individual Series: In an individual series, each value is unique and cannot be repeated. The calculation of the arithmetic mean in an individual series is straightforward. It is calculated by summing up all the values and then dividing the sum by the total number of values in the series. The formula for calculating the arithmetic mean in an individual series is:
Arithmetic Mean = (x1 + x2 + … + xn) / n
Where, x1, x2, …, xn are the values in the series n is the total number of values in the series
For example, consider the following individual series: 3, 6, 2, 7, 9
The arithmetic mean for this series can be calculated as follows: (3 + 6 + 2 + 7 + 9) / 5 = 27 / 5 = 5.4
Therefore, the arithmetic mean for the given individual series is 5.4.
- Arithmetic Mean in Discrete Series: In a discrete series, the values can be repeated. The calculation of the arithmetic mean in a discrete series involves calculating the product of each value and its corresponding frequency, adding up all these products, and then dividing the sum by the total frequency. The formula for calculating the arithmetic mean in a discrete series is:
Arithmetic Mean = (Σfx) / N
Where, f is the frequency of each value in the series x is the value in the series N is the total frequency of all the values in the series
For example, consider the following discrete series: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 f: 3, 2, 1, 4, 2
The arithmetic mean for this series can be calculated as follows: [(2×3) + (3×2) + (4×1) + (5×4) + (6×2)] / (3 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2) = 44 / 12 = 3.67
Therefore, the arithmetic mean for the given discrete series is 3.67.
- Arithmetic Mean in Continuous Series: In a continuous series, the values are grouped into intervals or classes. The calculation of the arithmetic mean in a continuous series involves calculating the midpoint of each interval and then multiplying the midpoint by its corresponding frequency. The product of each midpoint and its corresponding frequency is added up, and the sum is divided by the total frequency of all the intervals. The formula for calculating the arithmetic mean in a continuous series is:
Arithmetic Mean = (Σfx) / (Σf)
Where, f is the frequency of each interval in the series x is the midpoint of each interval in the series
For example, consider the following continuous series: Interval: 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 Frequency: 5, 8, 11, 6, 2
To calculate the arithmetic mean, we first need to calculate the midpoint of each interval. The midpoint can be calculated by adding the lower limit and the upper limit of each interval and dividing the sum by 2
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series – Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
Arithmetic Mean is one approach to measure central tendency in statistics. This measure of central tendency involves the condensation of a huge amount of data to a single value. Arithmetic mean can be determined using two methods; viz., Simple Arithmetic Mean and Weighted Arithmetic Mean.
Meaning of Simple Arithmetic Mean
Simple Arithmetic Mean is the sum of a set of numbers divided by the total number of values. It is also referred to as the average. For instance, if there are four items in a series, i.e. 6, 7, 8, and 9. The simple arithmetic mean is (6 + 7 + 8 + 9) / 4 = 7.5.
The calculation of the arithmetic mean can be done in the following series:
- Individual Series;
- Discrete Series; and
- Continuous Series
(1) Individual Series
The series in which the items are listed singly is known as Individual Series. In simple terms, a separate value of the measurement is given to each item. For example, if the weight of 10 students in a class is given individually, then the resultant series will be an individual series.
Arithmetic Mean in Individual Series
The mean is calculated by adding up all the observations and dividing it by the total number of observations in the set. There are three ways to determine the arithmetic mean of an individual series:
- Direct Method;
- Short-Cut Method; and
- Step Deviation Method.
1. Direct Method
This method involves adding up all the units and dividing the total by the number of items. The resultant quotient becomes the arithmetic mean.
Steps of Direct Method:
1. Assume that there are X1, X2,………………Xn items (observations).
2. Determine the sum, or ΣX, by adding the values of all the items.
3. Determine N; i.e., the total number of items in the series.
4. Finally, to get the mean value, divide the total value of all items (ΣX) by the total number of items (N), i.e.
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; ΣX = Sum of all the values of items; N = Total number of items}
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the weight of 5 students in a class by using Direct Method.
Solution:
Total Weight (ΣX) = 225, Total number of students (N) = 5
Arithmetic Mean = 45 kg
2. Short-Cut Method
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series – Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
This method involves assuming any figure of the data set as mean and calculating deviation on its basis. When there are a large number of observations or when it becomes difficult to calculate the arithmetic mean by the direct method, then the Short-Cut method is used. This method is also known as the Assumed Mean Method.
Steps of Short-Cut Method
1. Assume that there are X1, X2,………………Xn items (observations).
2. Select an item of the series as the Assumed Mean (A).
3. Determine the series’ deviations (d) from the assumed mean (A); i.e., subtract A from each item of the series to get X – A.
4. Write the total number of deviations and denote it as Σd.
5. Determine N, which implies the total number of items in the series.
6. Finally, use the formula below to calculate the mean value:
{X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; A = Assumed Mean; d = X – A; i.e., deviations of variables from assumed mean; Σd = Σ(X-A); i.e., a sum of deviations of variables from assumed mean; N =Total number of items}
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the weight of the 5 students in the class by using the assumed mean method.
Solution:
= 40 + 5
Arithmetic Mean = 45 kg
3. Step Deviation Method
The short-cut method was made simpler by the step deviation method. The deviations are calculated using this method by dividing deviations from the assumed mean by a common factor (C). Then, the value of the arithmetic mean is then calculated by using these step deviations.
Steps of the Step Deviation Method
1. Assume that the items (observations) are X1, X2,……………….Xn.
2. Select one item in the series as the assumed mean (A).
3. Subtract the assumed mean (A) from each item in the series to determine the deviations (d) of those items from that mean.
4. Determine the common factor (C) from d and use that value to calculate d′ (step deviations), which equals 
.
5. Denote the sum of step deviations (d′) as Σd′.
6. Determine N, which is the total number of items in the series.
7. Finally apply the following formula to get the value of the arithmetic mean:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; A = Assumed Mean; d = X – A, i.e., Deviations of variables from Assumed Mean; 
; i.e., Step Deviations (deviations divided by common factor); Σd’ = Sum of Step Deviations; C = Common Factor; N = Total number of items}
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the weight of the 5 students in the class by using the step deviation method.
Solution:
= 40 + 5
Arithmetic Mean = 45
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series – Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
(2) Discrete Series
In the case of discrete series (ungrouped frequency distribution), the values of variables represent the repetitions. It means that the frequencies are given corresponding to the different values of variables. The total number of observations in a discrete series, N, equals the sum of the frequencies, which is Σf.
Arithmetic mean in discrete series can be calculated by using:
- Direct Method;
- Short-Cut Method; and
- Step Deviation Method.
1. Direct Method
Simple arithmetic mean can be calculated with the direct method by multiplying every item (X) by their corresponding frequencies (f), then dividing the sum of products (fX) by the total number of frequencies (f).
Steps of Direct Method
1. Multiply the various values of the variables (X) by the frequency of each variable (f), and then represent the result as fX.
2. Find the sum of fX and signify it with ΣfX.
3. Determine the series’ total number of items, which is Σf or N.
4. Finally apply the following formula:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; ΣfX = Sum of the product of variables with their respective frequencies; Σf = Total number of items}.
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the wages (per day) of 10 workers in a factory.
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = ₹205 per day
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series – Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
2. Short-Cut Method
The mean in discrete series can also be determined using the shortcut method. Using this method, the calculation of the mean takes much less time.
Steps in Short-cut Method
1. Denote X for the variable and f for the frequency.
2. Select an item from the series as the assumed mean (A).
3. Calculate (X – A) for each item in the series to get the deviations (d) of the items.
4. Multiply the deviations (d) by the corresponding frequency (f), then add the results together to get Σfd.
5. Determine the total number of items in the series; i.e., Σf or N.
6. Use the formula below:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; A = Assumed Mean; d = X – A; i.e., deviations of variables from assumed mean; Σfd = sum of the product of deviations of variables with their respective frequencies; Σf = Total number of items}.
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the wages(per day) of 10 workers in the factory using the short-cut method.
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = ₹205 per day
3. Step Deviation Method
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series – Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
This method simplifies the short-cut method even further. Under this method, to simplify the calculation, the values of the deviations (d) are divided by a common factor (C). Step deviations are the deviations that arise from this division.
Steps in Step Deviation Method
1. Write X for the variable and f for the frequency.
2. Select an item from the series as the assumed mean (A).
3. Calculate (X – A) for each item in the series to get the deviations (d) of the items.
4. Determine the common factor (C) from d, and then calculate d′ (step deviations), which is .
5. Multiply the step deviations (d′) with the frequency (f), then add the results together to get Σfd’.
6. Determine the total number of items in the series, which is Σf or N.
7. Lastly, apply the following formula:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; A = Assumed Mean; d= X – A; i.e., Deviations of variables from Assumed Mean; d’ = Step Deviations (deviations divided by common factor); Σfd’ = Sum of product of step deviations (d’) with their respective frequencies; C = Common Factor; Σf =Total number of items}
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the wages(per day) of 10 workers in the factory using the step deviation method.
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = ₹205 per day
Calculation of Arithmetic Mean in Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series – Direct, Short-Cut, Actual Mean, Assume Mean Method
(3) Continuous Series
In continuous series (grouped frequency distribution), the value of a variable is grouped into several class intervals (such as 0-5,5-10,10-15) along with the corresponding frequencies. The method used to determine the arithmetic average in a continuous series is the same as that used in discrete series. The midpoints of several class intervals replace the class interval in a continuous series. When it is done, a continuous series and a discrete series are the same.
The arithmetic mean in continuous series can be calculated by using:
- Direct Method;
- Shortcut Method; and
- Step Deviation Method.
1. Direct Method
The direct method for continuous series is the same as for discrete series, with the difference that the continuous series is changed into a discrete series by determining the midpoints of the class interval.
Steps of the Direct Method
1. Determine each class interval’s midpoint and represent it by the symbol m.
2. Multiply the mid-points (m) by their respective frequencies (f) to get fm.
3. Determine the total of fm and represent it as ∑fm.
4. Figure out the total number of items in the series; i.e., Σf or N.
5. Use the formula below:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; Σfm = Sum of the product of mid-points with their respective frequencies; Σf = Total number of items}
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the following data.
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = 28
2. Short-cut Method
In the case of continuous series, the shortcut approach saves a significant amount of time when calculating the mean.
Steps in Short-cut Method
1. Determine the mid-points of each class interval and indicate them with the letter m.
2. Choose one mid-point as the assumed mean (A).
3. Determine the deviations (d) of mid-points from the assumed mean (A); i.e., calculate (m – A).
4. Multiply the deviations (d) by the corresponding frequency (f), then add them together to get ∑fd.
5. Figure out the total number of items in the series; i.e., Σf or N.
6. Use the formula below:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; A = Assumed Mean; d = m – A; i.e., deviations of mid-points from assumed mean; Σfd = sum of the product of deviations with their respective frequencies; Σf = Total number of items}.
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the following data using the short-cut method.
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = 28
3. Step-Deviation Method
When all of the class intervals in a continuous series have the same magnitude (width), the step-deviation method can further simplify the short-cut method.
Steps in Step-Deviation Method
1. Determine the mid-points of each class interval and indicate them with the letter m.
2. Choose one mid-point as the assumed mean (A).
3. Determine the deviations (d) of mid-points from the assumed mean (A); i.e., calculate (m – A).
4. Determine the common factor (C) from d, and then calculate d′ (step deviations), which is .
5. Multiply the step deviations (d′) with the frequency (f), then add the results together to get Σfd’.
6. Figure out the total number of items in the series; i.e., Σf or N.
7. Use the formula below:
{Where, X̄ = Arithmetic Mean; A = Assumed Mean; d = m – A; i.e., deviations of mid-points from assumed mean; d’= Step Deviations (deviations divided by common factor); Σfd’ = Sum of product of step deviations (d’) with their respective frequencies (f); C = Common Factor; Σf =Total number of items}.
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean of the following data using the Step-Deviation method.
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = 28
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